Hydrogel Solution Incubation

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===Importance of Hydrogel Solution Incubation===
 
===Importance of Hydrogel Solution Incubation===
Allowing ample time for the hydrogel monomers to distribute uniformly throughout the tissue sample is important for incorporating biomolecules into the hydrogel network. Once inside the tissue, formaldehyde reacts with the primary amine groups present on many biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and RNA. Following this reaction, formaldehyde reacts with acrylamide, thereby covalently linking the tissue biomolecules to the acrylamide monomers that will be polymerized to form a hydrogel mesh within the tissue. Infusing formaldehyde and acrylamide into the tissue together promotes the biomolecule-acrylamide linking. Biomolecules attached to multiple acrylamide groups act as crosslinks for the hydrogel once acrylamide polymerization occurs.
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Allowing ample time for the hydrogel monomers to distribute uniformly throughout the tissue sample is important for incorporating biomolecules into the hydrogel network. Once inside the tissue, formaldehyde reacts with the primary amine groups present on many biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and RNA. Following this reaction, formaldehyde reacts with acrylamide, thereby covalently linking the tissue biomolecules to the acrylamide monomers that will be polymerized to form a hydrogel mesh within the tissue. Infusing formaldehyde and acrylamide into the tissue together promotes the biomolecule-acrylamide linking. Biomolecules attached to multiple acrylamide groups act as crosslinks for the hydrogel once acrylamide polymerization occurs.
   
(Paragraph about the role of formaldehyde and acrylamide in the tissue - crosslinking with primary amine groups on biomolecules; explain that changes to the hydrogel solution may alter what gets crosslinked into the hydrogel, possibly resulting in more protein loss; show "step 1" picture from paper; explain that fixed tissue has already undergone crosslinking by formaldehyde, but results on fixed human samples show that enough unused sights remain for clarity, but increased incubation times are used to allow more time for monomers to find these sites)
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[[File:Hydrogel_solution_incubation.png|thumb|500px|text-top|Schematic of hydrogel monomer infusion into the tissue during hydrogel solution incubation]]
   
CLARITY can still be performed on tissue samples that have not been perfused with hydrogel solution.
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It is important to note that '''only biomolecules with primary amine groups available will be incorporated into the hydrogel''' and therefore maintained after lipid clearing. Tissue elements with a greater number of amine groups are more likely to react with the monomers and be attached to the hydrogel network. It is possible that biomolecules with very few primary amine groups will undergo little to no incorporation and be washed out during clearing.
   
===Unfixed or Fixed Tissue Incubation===
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[[Solutions#Changes to the hydrogel solution composition|Changes to the hydrogel solution composition]] may affect biomolecule incorporation into the hydrogel. For instance, lowering the acrylamide or PFA concentration will lower the number of biomolecule-acrylamide attachment points, likely resulting in greater protein or DNA/RNA loss during lipid clearing. Such possible consequences should be kept in mind when altering the hydrogel solution composition, and they may or may not affect subsequent visualization of the maintained structural features.
Whenever possible, it is best to replace the normal fixative solution with the hydrogel monomer solution, even when perfusion is not performed. However, tissue that has been stored in fixative solution, such as formalin, can also be processed using CLARITY. Place non-perfused tissue in the ice cold hydrogel solution (freshly-made or thawed) and incubate at 4°C in the refrigerator. Incubation can be on a shaker plate or standing still. The amount of hydrogel solution used should be enough to completely cover the tissue sample and provide a small excess to support monomer diffusion into the tissue.
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===Incubation Time===
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'''Fixed tissue samples''' have already undergone crosslinking via formaldehyde, thus reducing the number of primary amine sites available to react with the hydrogel monomers. For this reason, increased hydrogel solution incubation times are used with these samples in order to allow additional time for formaldehyde and acrylamide to seek out unused amine sites for hydrogel linking. The results on fixed human samples following CLARITY processing, which show observable structural features after immunostaining, indicate that enough unused amine sites remain on the tissue biomolecules for sufficient incorporation into the hydrogel network.
The time period of incubation in the hydrogel monomer solution for non-perfused tissue samples depends on the size of the sample and whether it was previously fixed. For unfixed tissue, smaller samples (e.g., less than 1-2 mm thick) may only need 2-3 days of incubation before embedding, while larger samples, like a whole mouse brain, may require longer soaking time, such as 5-7 days or more. Fixed tissue samples have already undergone crosslinking of many of the primary amine sites within the cells, causing less sites to be readily available for crosslinking with the formaldehyde and acrylamide hydrogel monomers. Longer incubation times, such as 1-2 weeks, should be used for samples previously stored in fixative to allow extra penetration time for the monomers to diffuse into the crosslinked tissue and find the unused primary amine sites for hydrogel attachment.
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===Incubation Times===
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*'''''Perfused tissue samples''''' - The [[Perfusion|transcardial perfusion procedure]] introduces hydrogel solution inside the tissue via the blood vessels, so less incubation time is needed for the monomers to uniformly distribute throughout the tissue. Following perfusion, the extracted tissue sample is placed in hydrogel solution (~20 mL for a whole mouse brain) for '''2-3 days'''.
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*'''''Non-perfused tissue samples''''' - The time period of hydrogel solution incubation for non-perfused tissue samples depends on the size of the sample and whether it was previously fixed. For unfixed tissue, smaller samples (e.g., less than 1-2 mm thick) may only need 2-3 days of incubation before embedding, while larger samples may require longer soaking time, such as 5-7 days or more. Fixed tissue samples have already undergone crosslinking of many of the primary amine sites within the tissue, causing less sites to be readily available for crosslinking with the formaldehyde and acrylamide monomers. Longer incubation times, such as 1-2 weeks, should be used for samples previously stored in fixative to allow extra penetration time for the monomers to diffuse into the crosslinked tissue and find the unused primary amine sites for hydrogel attachment.
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===Sample Incubation Conditions===
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Place tissue in the ice cold hydrogel solution (freshly-made or thawed) and incubate at 4°C in the refrigerator or cold room. Incubation can be on a gentle shaker plate or standing still. The amount of hydrogel solution used should be enough to completely cover the tissue sample and provide an excess to support monomer diffusion into the tissue.
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*''Note:'' It is always best to keep incubating samples near the back of the refrigerator to keep them as cold as possible. Samples placed near the door can start to polymerize after just a few days.
   
 
===Sample Storage===
 
===Sample Storage===
Tissue samples should not be stored in the hydrogel solution at 4°C for more than 2-3 weeks. The thermal initiator in the hydrogel solution is not stable for long periods of time at this temperature, and acrylamide polymerization can slowly occur. It is undesirable to let polymerization occur uncontrolled over time as it could lead to an excessive formation of crosslinked polyacrylamide inside the tissue, rendering it rigid and difficult to clear (see [[Hydrogel Embedding|Hydrogel Embedding]]).
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'''Tissue samples should not be stored in the hydrogel solution at 4°C for more than 2-3 weeks.''' The thermal initiator in the hydrogel solution is not stable for long periods of time at this temperature, and acrylamide polymerization can slowly occur. It is undesirable to let polymerization occur uncontrolled over time as it could lead to an excessive formation of crosslinked polyacrylamide inside the tissue, rendering it rigid and difficult to clear (see [[Hydrogel Embedding|Hydrogel Embedding]]).

Latest revision as of 04:49, 11 April 2014

Tissue samples are placed into the hydrogel solution to incubate for several days. This allows the hydrogel monomers, formaldehyde and acrylamide, to diffuse uniformly throughout the tissue. Perfusion is recommended because it introduces the monomers inside the tissue prior to incubation.

Contents

[edit] Importance of Hydrogel Solution Incubation

Allowing ample time for the hydrogel monomers to distribute uniformly throughout the tissue sample is important for incorporating biomolecules into the hydrogel network. Once inside the tissue, formaldehyde reacts with the primary amine groups present on many biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and RNA. Following this reaction, formaldehyde reacts with acrylamide, thereby covalently linking the tissue biomolecules to the acrylamide monomers that will be polymerized to form a hydrogel mesh within the tissue. Infusing formaldehyde and acrylamide into the tissue together promotes the biomolecule-acrylamide linking. Biomolecules attached to multiple acrylamide groups act as crosslinks for the hydrogel once acrylamide polymerization occurs.

(thumbnail)
Schematic of hydrogel monomer infusion into the tissue during hydrogel solution incubation

It is important to note that only biomolecules with primary amine groups available will be incorporated into the hydrogel and therefore maintained after lipid clearing. Tissue elements with a greater number of amine groups are more likely to react with the monomers and be attached to the hydrogel network. It is possible that biomolecules with very few primary amine groups will undergo little to no incorporation and be washed out during clearing.

Changes to the hydrogel solution composition may affect biomolecule incorporation into the hydrogel. For instance, lowering the acrylamide or PFA concentration will lower the number of biomolecule-acrylamide attachment points, likely resulting in greater protein or DNA/RNA loss during lipid clearing. Such possible consequences should be kept in mind when altering the hydrogel solution composition, and they may or may not affect subsequent visualization of the maintained structural features.

Fixed tissue samples have already undergone crosslinking via formaldehyde, thus reducing the number of primary amine sites available to react with the hydrogel monomers. For this reason, increased hydrogel solution incubation times are used with these samples in order to allow additional time for formaldehyde and acrylamide to seek out unused amine sites for hydrogel linking. The results on fixed human samples following CLARITY processing, which show observable structural features after immunostaining, indicate that enough unused amine sites remain on the tissue biomolecules for sufficient incorporation into the hydrogel network.

[edit] Incubation Times

  • Perfused tissue samples - The transcardial perfusion procedure introduces hydrogel solution inside the tissue via the blood vessels, so less incubation time is needed for the monomers to uniformly distribute throughout the tissue. Following perfusion, the extracted tissue sample is placed in hydrogel solution (~20 mL for a whole mouse brain) for 2-3 days.
  • Non-perfused tissue samples - The time period of hydrogel solution incubation for non-perfused tissue samples depends on the size of the sample and whether it was previously fixed. For unfixed tissue, smaller samples (e.g., less than 1-2 mm thick) may only need 2-3 days of incubation before embedding, while larger samples may require longer soaking time, such as 5-7 days or more. Fixed tissue samples have already undergone crosslinking of many of the primary amine sites within the tissue, causing less sites to be readily available for crosslinking with the formaldehyde and acrylamide monomers. Longer incubation times, such as 1-2 weeks, should be used for samples previously stored in fixative to allow extra penetration time for the monomers to diffuse into the crosslinked tissue and find the unused primary amine sites for hydrogel attachment.

[edit] Sample Incubation Conditions

Place tissue in the ice cold hydrogel solution (freshly-made or thawed) and incubate at 4°C in the refrigerator or cold room. Incubation can be on a gentle shaker plate or standing still. The amount of hydrogel solution used should be enough to completely cover the tissue sample and provide an excess to support monomer diffusion into the tissue.

  • Note: It is always best to keep incubating samples near the back of the refrigerator to keep them as cold as possible. Samples placed near the door can start to polymerize after just a few days.

[edit] Sample Storage

Tissue samples should not be stored in the hydrogel solution at 4°C for more than 2-3 weeks. The thermal initiator in the hydrogel solution is not stable for long periods of time at this temperature, and acrylamide polymerization can slowly occur. It is undesirable to let polymerization occur uncontrolled over time as it could lead to an excessive formation of crosslinked polyacrylamide inside the tissue, rendering it rigid and difficult to clear (see Hydrogel Embedding).